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The awareness about the massive extraction of river sand increases because it intensifies the destruction of river. At the same time, the oyster shell waste disposal from fisheries industry is rising and pollutes the environment. Therefore, the present research explores the effect of using crushed oyster shell as a partial fine aggregate on the flowability, compressive strength, and water absorption of mortar. Four mortar mixtures were made by replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the sand with crushed oyster shells. The mixtures were then tested on their flowability, strength, and water absorption. The findings show that at 28 days, all mixes reached the targeted strength, with values varying from 22.87 MPa to 35.20 MPa. Generally, using cockle shell as fine aggregate replacement would decrease the demand of natural river sand for the construction industry and the pollution caused from oyster shell waste dumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conduction of this study is motivated by the increase in the use of plastic-based products with negative impacts on the environment and health. This study aims to analyze plastic waste conversion into new renewable energy as a form of national sovereignty. This research is classified into the type of research that is qualitative. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of plastic waste management on reducing plastic waste which can then be used optimally through plastic waste management using a pyrolysis method. This research is normative legal research and using experimental method. The normative research approach is based on applicable laws and regulations. The experimental method research conducted with scientific approach. The data of this study were obtained from the results of analyzing the provisions of laws and regulations, journals, and relevant articles. Then, the data obtained will be analyzed descriptively analytically by analyzing and reviewing based on systematic rules to obtain an overview of the problems raised. The results of the study confirmed that first, plastic is a product that may produce fuel oil through pyrolysis, thermal cracking, and catalytic cracking methods. Second, data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia 2020 shows that the situation of Indonesia's oil and gas reserves in the last 10 years has indicated a downward trend. One of the ways to overcome this problem is to increase the quantity of reduce, reuse, and recycle into alternative energy sources into the new renewable energy using pyrolysis method as the implementation of 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fulfill the operating and maintenance costs of waste water management in Bali, Bali Provincial Regulation No. 2 of 2011 concerning Public Service Retribution, where the manager began to collect wastewater levies starting from September 2011. However, from 2011 to 2021 there was still no change in rates. In real conditions, it was found that household customers and the lodging sector did not match the registered classification. The purpose of this research is to design a new customer classification and levy rates that can meet the needs for the operation and maintenance of centralized wastewater management. The results of this study found that 26.67% of households and 82.35% of non-star hotels were not by their classification. Two household alternatives and one alternative for the lodging sector were designed to increase equitable income for the community. The alternative category of household classification assessment uses an assessment category based on the type of house (design I) and income (design II). In the classification of the lodging sector, star hotels are divided into 4 & 5-star hotels, and 1 – 3-star hotels (design III). The results of the income for the first-third design increased by 33.68%; 25.25%; and 25.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garbage is a problem that occurs in almost all parts of the world. The cause of waste that accumulates on earth is the result of increasing human consumption, population, and lack of awareness. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry said that in 2020, Indonesia produced 67.8 million tons of waste. The current Covid pandemic has also exacerbated the amount of waste production. The waste generated during the pandemic is mainly in the form of plastic and bubble wrap. Of course, this will worsen environmental conditions and the quality. Garbage can also cause disease and natural disasters and can also cause environmental pollution. The existence of the Waste Bank aims to make the environment cleaner, educate the public, and turn waste into Economic Goods. However, many people do not know this, coupled with the lack of use of technology. Therefore, this study aims to help reduce waste and educate the public by developing a mobile application. This application allows users to sell their waste through this Online Garbage Bank. In addition, users can use this application as an educational medium. This research is expected to reduce the existing waste and educate the public about the importance of protecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste problem is a problem that, until now, is quite challenging to overcome, especially with the amount of waste increasing daily. Data in 2019 shows that there are 175,000 tons of waste, of which 14% is plastic waste. The amount of waste indeed continues to grow over time. For this reason, it is necessary to take steps to overcome these problems. One of the steps that can be done is to take advantage of technology. In this research, it was explained how to develop a mobile-based application that is useful for educating and answering problems about waste. This application serves to pick up the waste and will later be managed to be used as a more useful form. This research also explained the results of the application feasibility test involving several respondents using the System Usability Scale (SUS) mechanism, where the results indicated that the application was running well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in waste generation will cause waste problems, one of which is garbage collection. The waste collection system that is not balanced with infrastructure is also one of the obstacles to good waste management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of household waste collection. Measurement of the rate of generation and composition of waste was carried out using the SNI 19-3964-1994 method and the stratified random sampling method with a sample of 41 families in Mimika Baru District. Measurement of the collection route was carried out by observing the waste officers in the village and residential areas with the SCA (Stationary Container System) approach for 3 consecutive days. The results of the study wre the rate of household waste generation of 0.279 kg/person.day and the composition of waste was dominated by food waste which was 67.17%. The collection pattern used is direct communal and indirect individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylitol is a common sugar replacement used throughout food and pharmaceutical applications as well as a component in a wide range of chemical products. Xylitol could be produced from lignocellulosic biomass through acid or enzymatic hydrolysis, continued by fermentation of the xylose-rich hydrolysate using yeasts. To obtain better results during the fermentation of acid hydrolysate, the yeast should have a good tolerance to acidic environments. For improving the tolerance of Meyerozyma caribbica Y67 to low pH conditions, we suggested a short-term adaptation technique in this work to enhance xylitol production on sugarcane trash hemicellulosic hydrolysate (STHH). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of short-term adaptation techniques and various pH in simple shake flasks for Meyerozyma caribbica Y67 yeast for obtaining the higher xylitol. The hydrolysate was prepared by dilute acid hydrolysis using 1.8% (v/v) maleic acid assisted by a microwave digester (1:10 solid/liquid ratio, 180 °C, 5 min, 195 rpm). Yeast was cultivated in YPX broth (pH 5.0) for 24 h to obtain inoculum cells and consecutively transferred to the subsequent YPX broth with variations in pH adjustment (4; 3.5; 3; 2.5) and each was adapted for 72 h. Adapted cells were used as inoculum in fermentations using STHH for 72-h at the same pH as that they were adapted to. Results of the study show that the adapted yeast at pH 2.5 produced the highest xylitol concentration, (0.48 g/L) with a yield (Yp/s) of 0.05 g/g xylose in 72 h compare to other adaptation conditions. Therefore, the short-term adaptation of yeast cells in STHH was demonstrated to be an effective method for enhancing yeast tolerance to the low pH of the acid hydrolysate as well as its fermentative performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane trash is abundant underutilized biomass that has high hemicellulose content as a source of xylose. Inorganic salts, such as Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3 could act as acids and hydrolyze biomass components, especially hemicellulose. The objectives of this study were to explore the use of different amounts of the two catalysts in the hydrolysis of sugarcane trash hemicellulose using two heating methods, an autoclave or microwave digester, with water or 1% oxalic acid as a medium. The amount of catalyst was 50 and 100 µmol/ g biomass, while the heat treatment was at 121 °C for 30 min in the autoclave or 180 °C for 5 min in the microwave digester. Results of the study show that the use of microwave digester with a catalyst of 100 µmol /g biomass in an acid medium resulted in the highest biomass solubilization (40.2-41.2%). The highest reducing sugar concentration (28.1-29.8 g/L) was obtained using an autoclave or microwave digester with an acid medium and FeCl3 catalyst (100 µmol /g biomass). However, if water medium is used, the highest solubilization and reducing sugar concentrations (24.1% and 15.6 g/L, respectively) are those from the process with Al2(SO4)3 catalyst (100 µmol /g biomass). The addition of catalysts to an acid medium does not increase or even decrease xylose concentration. Meanwhile, the addition of Al2(SO4)3 catalyst (100 µmol /g biomass) could increase xylose concentration from 0.1 to 2.4 g/L and xylooligosaccharide concentration from 1.4 to 6.3 g/L when the hydrolysis is conducted in water medium using a microwave digester. Hydrolysis using Al2(SO4)3 catalyst in a water medium is more promising as an alternative to acid hydrolysis in xylose production than using FeCl3 catalyst. The higher amount of catalyst resulted in higher biomass solubilization, reducing sugar and xylose concentrations in the hydrolysate. Processes using microwave digester give better results of hydrolysis, including xylose recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste disposal is indeed a challenge, and today modern greatest challenge is coming up with new strategies to utilize these residues. 3D printing technology had imparted various advantages such as high precision, reduction in polymer waste, and cost-effectiveness. Rice husk (RH), an agricultural waste with factors such as low cost, high availability, and sustainable show great potential for reinforcing polymer composite. Since high-density polyethylene (HDPE) accounts for most of the plastic waste, integrating RH reinforced recycled HDPE into the 3D printing context is another step toward reducing waste. This research investigates the influence of RH loading on the physical, mechanical, and morphological of sustainable 3D printing filaments made of rHDPE/RH. The density of the composite showed a reduction with the addition of RH fibre, indicating the opportunity to produce lightweight applications. Mechanical tests showed that tensile strength decreases with increasing RH loading, mainly due to the increasing presence of void, and the possibility of poor interfacial bonding at high fibre loading. Young's modulus and compressive strength increase, indicating the printed parts with the composite exhibit relatively stiffer and ductile properties. Furthermore, increasing RH loading has presented lower warping and shrinkage for the 3D printed specimen as compared to virgin rHDPE printed specimen. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the RH fibre was well dispersed throughout the rHDPE matrix, but with a large amount of void presence. Overall, the rHDPE/RH printed composites incorporated with favourable properties, good surface quality, low density, and cost-effectiveness show great potential in applying for additive manufacturing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of substantiating the main design and technological parameters of the bulldozer dump used for landfilling of solid waste at landfills. Similarity theory and physical modeling of processes were used to substantiate the main parameters of the bulldozer dump, and a method of physical modeling of the process of solid waste disposal was developed. The obtained results can be applied to a number of similar dump trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides environmental regulation of emissions and discharges of pollutants to the environment by establishing standards for maximum permissible emissions and maximum permissible discharges. Also, the formation and disposal of production and consumption waste by establishing standards for maximum permissible waste. The ecological regulation of pollutants of enterprises for the extraction and processing of nonmetallic rocks is considered. The procedure for the implementation of environmental regulatory projects is outlined and calculation methods for determining pollutants, specific indicators, formation rates and waste disposal limits are given. As the results of the study, some data from the draft standards for the maximum permissible emissions of the Jom deposit for the extraction and processing of marble, developed according to the proposed method of execution and calculation, are given. In particular, the results of the inventory of emission sources and emissions of pollutants, characteristics of salvo emissions, as well as total standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are given in the form of a table. The materials of the article can be used by engineering and technical specialists of enterprises for the extraction and processing of nonmetallic rocks, design and environmental organizations involved in the development of environmental regulatory projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare workers engage in a wide range of tasks, most of which are related to patient care. While performing their jobs, they may be exposed to a number of occupational risks, including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychological dangers. The study aims to identify the level of knowledge and attitudes of medical and health workers about medical waste management. A cross-sectional study design was carried out from Nov.2021 to Mar. 2022. Six hundred medical and health staff were selected from Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital and three health centers. This result found that most of the participants from the two groups were from the same age group (21-31) years. As for professions, most of the participants were lab. Technicians (28.3%), followed by the pharmacist (24%), then nurses (22.7%) for the hospital group. On the other hand, for the health centers group, most of the participants were lab. Technicians (24%), followed by nurses (17.7%), then pharmacists (16.7%). Most types of medical west for both groups were the general waste, followed by the sharps west in the hospital. However, infectious wests come second in the health centres. The situation for the rest types of waste was different between groups. 57.7% of participants who work at a hospital have good knowledge; however, 39% of health workers of health centres have good knowledge about the management of medical wests. From a different view, most of the participants with good knowledge of the hospital were lab. Technicians (13.7%), followed by nurses (12.7%), and medical assist. (11%). On the other hand, most health workers who work at health centres with good knowledge were pharmacists (19.7%), followed by lab. Technicians (7.7%) then nurses (5%). According to attitudes, 49% of health workers who are working in the hospital have a good attitude about the management of the medical wests; most of them were nurses (11.3%), followed by the lab. Technicians (11%). On the other side, (47%) of health workers that have good attitudes about the management of medical wests were in the lab. Technicians (16.7%) followed by nurses (11.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masaro provides management system and technology to handle waste problem by reducing it to zero. A part of masaro technology is an incinerator called Plastic Refinery that has a function to handle non biodegradable and non recycled waste. The first application of this technology was handling waste at MAN 2 Cirebon as a school scale waste management. After its successfull implementation, the technology was then improved to handle bigger amount of waste, where the addition comes from Babakan Village, Ciwaringin, Cirebon. The challenge in implementing masaro system at the village society was educating the society to start sorting their waste into four catagories, i.e. fast biodegradable waste, slow biodegradable waste, burn waste, and recyclable waste. The education program for waste sorting from the house was started by training them and then supervision by a daily practical guide during masaro implementation. All four waste catagories are processed in the masaro unit to be agriculture products, however in this study only the operation of Plastic Refinery is presented. The operation study covers the distribution temperature of incineration combustion at every side and level at the bed. The study show that the dominant temperature is side b. Hence, to improve the incinerator performance, it is recomended to change or add the input feeding side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]